Nord Stream
Nord Stream
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Nord Stream pipeline)
Jump to navigationJump to search
 | This article may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. You can assist by editing it. (March 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) |
| Nord Stream 1 | |
|---|---|
| Location of Nord Stream 1 | |
| Location | |
| Country | RussiaGermany |
| Coordinates |  60.555521°N 28.065289°E54.151388°N 13.656218°E |
| General direction | east–west–south |
| From | Vyborg, Russian Federation |
| Passes through | Gulf of Finland and Baltic Sea |
| To | Lubmin near Greifswald, Germany |
| General information | |
| Type | Natural gas |
| Partners | GazpromUniperWintershall DeaGasunieEngie |
| Operator | Nord Stream AG |
| Manufacturer of pipes | EUROPIPEOMKSumitomo |
| Installer of pipes | Saipem |
| Pipe layer | Castoro Sei |
| Contractors | RambøllEnvironmental Resource ManagementMarin MätteknikIfAÖPeterGazDOF SubseaIntec EngineeringTideway BVRoyal Boskalis WestminsterEUPEC PipeCoatingsRolls-Royce plcDresser-Rand GroupSiirtec Nigi SPA |
| Commissioned | 8 November 2011 (1st line)8 October 2012 (2nd line) |
| Technical information | |
| Length | 1,222 km (759 mi) |
| Maximum discharge | 55 billion m3/a (1.9 trillion cu ft/a) |
| Diameter | 1,220 mm (48 in) |
| No. of compressor stations | 1 |
| Compressor stations | Portovaya |
| Website | www.nord-stream.com |
| Nord Stream 2 | |
|---|---|
| Map of Nord Stream 2 | |
| Location | |
| Country | RussiaGermany |
| Coordinates | 60°33′24″N 28°3′59″E54°8′24″N 13°38′23″E |
| General direction | east–west–south |
| From | Ust-Luga, Russia |
| Passes through | Gulf of Finland and Baltic Sea |
| To | Lubmin near Greifswald, Germany |
| General information | |
| Type | Natural gas |
| Partners | GazpromUniperWintershall DeaOMVEngieRoyal Dutch Shell |
| Operator | Nord Stream 2 AG |
| Manufacturer of pipes | EUROPIPEOMKChelyabinsk Pipe-Rolling Plant (Chelpipe) |
| Installer of pipes | Allseas (Until 21 December 2019) |
| Pipe layer | Pioneering SpiritSolitaireC10Akademik CherskiyFortuna |
| Expected | unknown[1] |
| Technical information | |
| Length | 1,230 km (760 mi) |
| Maximum discharge | 55 billion m3/a (1.9 trillion cu ft/a) |
| Diameter | 1,220 mm (48 in) |
| No. of compressor stations | 1 |
| Compressor stations | Slavyanskaya |
| Website | www.nord-stream2.com |
Nord Stream (German-English mixed expression; English North Stream; Russian: Северный поток, Severny potok) is the name for two pairs of offshore natural gas pipelines in Europe that run under the Baltic Sea from Russia to Germany. It includes the Nord Stream 1 pipeline running from Vyborg in northwestern Russia, near Finland, and the Nord Stream 2 pipeline running from Ust-Luga in northwestern Russia near Estonia. Both pipelines run to Lubmin in the northeastern German state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. Each pipeline comprises two lines of approximately 100,000 pipes, each pipe being 12 metres (39 ft) long. Nord Stream 2 has been denied certification due to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. The name “Nord Stream” occasionally refers to a wider pipeline network, including the feeding onshore pipeline in Russia, and further connections in Western Europe.[2]
In Lubmin, Nord Stream connects to the OPAL pipeline to Olbernhau in eastern Germany, on the Czech border, and to the NEL pipeline to Rehden near Bremen in north-western Germany.
Nord Stream 1 is owned and operated by Nord Stream AG, whose majority shareholder is the Russian state company Gazprom. Nord Stream 2 is owned and planned to be operated by Nord Stream 2 AG, which is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Gazprom.
The first line of Nord Stream 1 was laid by May 2011 and was inaugurated on 8 November 2011.[3][4] The second line of Nord Stream 1 was laid in 2011–2012 and was inaugurated on 8 October 2012. At 1,222 km (759 mi) in length, Nord Stream 1 was the longest sub-sea pipeline in the world, surpassing the Norway-UK Langeled pipeline,[5][6] until surpassed by the 1,234-kilometre-long (767 mi) Nord Stream 2 pipeline.
The laying of Nord Stream 2 was carried out in 2018–2021.[7] The first line of Nord Stream 2 was completed in June 2021, and the second line was completed in September 2021.
Nord Stream 1 gave Nord Stream a total annual capacity of 55 billion m3 (1.9 trillion cu ft) of gas, and the construction of Nord Stream 2 would double this.[8][9][10]
The Nord Stream projects have been fiercely opposed by Central and Eastern European countries as well as the United States due to concerns that the pipelines would increase Russia’s influence in Europe, and the knock-on reduction of transit fees for use of the existing pipelines in Central and Eastern European countries.
Germany suspended certification of Nord Stream 2 on 22 February 2022 in response to Russia’s recognition of the Donetsk and Luhansk People’s Republics during the prelude to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[11][12] As a result, Nord Stream 2 AG went into bankruptcy.[13]
On 26 September 2022, the NS1 and the NS2 pipelines suffered multiple unexplained large pressure drops in international waters. Seismographic instruments revealed explosions and a visual inspection revealed leaks, which may be the result of sabotage.[14]
Contents
- 1History
- 2Technical features
- 3Supply sources
- 4Costs and financing
- 5Contractors
- 6Project companies
- 7Transportation contracts
- 8Controversies
